Un’applicazione del Mental Health Continuum di Keyes al contesto italiano: benessere e malessere in giovani, adulti e anziani

Titolo Rivista PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE
Autori/Curatori Giovanna Petrillo, Daniela Caso, Vincenza Capone
Anno di pubblicazione 2014 Fascicolo 2014/2
Lingua Italiano Numero pagine 23 P. 159-181 Dimensione file 156 KB
DOI 10.3280/PDS2014-002010
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più clicca qui

Qui sotto puoi vedere in anteprima la prima pagina di questo articolo.

Se questo articolo ti interessa, lo puoi acquistare (e scaricare in formato pdf) seguendo le facili indicazioni per acquistare il download credit. Acquista Download Credits per scaricare questo Articolo in formato PDF

Anteprima articolo

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA)associazione indipendente e non profit per facilitare (attraverso i servizi tecnologici implementati da CrossRef.org) l’accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche

Secondo il Mental Health Continuum (MHC) di Keyes le persone si collocano lungo un continuum che va da presenza (Flourishing) ad assenza di benessere (Languishing). Numerosi studi hanno identificato il posizionamento sul MHC di adulti e adolescenti (americani, africani, nord europei). L’obiettivo principale di questo studio è stato di verificare l’applicabilità del MHC nel contesto italiano e di indagare le relazioni tra Salute Mentale Positiva e Malessere Psicologico (Two Continua Model). Hanno partecipato alla ricerca 1.438 persone con un’età tra i 18 e gli 89 anni (M = 47.12 anni, DS = 19.9; suddivise per fasce d’età in giovani, adulti e anziani), equamente distribuite per genere. Ai partecipanti è stato somministrato un questionario self-report che comprendeva, oltre all’Italian Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, altre scale volte a rilevare le variabili psicosociali oggetto di studio. Dai risultati è emerso che il 31% dei partecipanti ha una salute mentale positiva (Flourishing), l’11% dei partecipanti non ha una salute mentale positiva (Languishing), la maggioranza (58%) possiede una moderata salute mentale. In linea con quanto suggerito dalla letteratura, i flourishing (e coloro che hanno una moderata salute mentale) presentano bassi livelli di malessere psicologico, non sono depressi e non denunciano disturbi psicofisici. Lo studio evidenzia anche differenze significative per genere e per età. Tali risultati comprovano l’applicabilità del Mental Health Continuum anche nel contesto italiano e forniscono elementi utili alla messa a punto di programmi di promozione della salute per quelle fasce della popolazione - donne, giovani e anziani - in cui la salute mentale è più compromessa.;

Keywords:Mental Health Continuum, salute mentale positiva, malattia mentale, benessere, ciclo di vita.

  1. Albanesi C., Cicognani E. and Zani B. (2007). Sense of Community, Civic Engagement and Social Well-being in Italian Adolescents. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17: 387-406. DOI: 10.1002/casp.90
  2. Bandura A. (1997). Self-efficacy. The exercise of control, New York: Freeman (trad. it. Autoefficacia. Teoria e applicazioni, Trento: Erickson, 2000).
  3. Butkovic A., Brkovic I., Bratko D. (2012). Predicting Well-Being From Personality in Adolescents and Older Adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13 (3): 455-467. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-011-9273-
  4. Cacioppo J.T. and Petty R.. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42 (1): 116-131. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.11
  5. Cacioppo J.T., Petty R.E. and Kao C.F. (1984). The efficient assessment of need for cognition. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48: 306-307. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4803_1
  6. Capone V. and Petrillo G. (2013). Health promotion in International Documents: Strengths and weaknesses from the perspective of community empowerment. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 23 (2): 98-114. DOI: 10.1002/casp.210
  7. Caprara G.V. and Steca P. (2005). Affective and Social Self-Regulatory Efficacy Beliefs as Determinants of positive thinking and happiness. European Psychologist, 10 (4): 275-286. DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040.10.4.27
  8. Chiesi F. e Primi C. (2008). Le proprietà psicometriche della versione italiana della Need for Cognition Scale-Short Form [The psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Need for Cognition Scale-Short Form]. In: National Congress of Italian Psichology Association – Sezione di Psicologia Sperimentale, Padova, 18-20 Settembre, pp. 1-1.
  9. Chiessi M., Cicognani E. and Sonn C. (2010) Assessing sense of community on adolescents: validating the Brief Scale of Sense of Community in Adolescents (SOC-A). Journal of Community Psychology, 38 (3): 276-292. DOI: 10.1002/jcop.2036
  10. Cicognani E., Albanesi C. e Berti P. (2001). Dimensioni del benessere sociale: applicazione di uno strumento di misurazione [Dimensions of social well-being: a measurement instrument]. Psicologia della Salute, 1: 105-122.
  11. Cicognani E. e Pirini C. (2007). Partecipazione sociale, senso di comunità e benessere: una ricerca con studenti universitari [Social partecipation, sense of community and well-being: a study with university students]. Psicologia della Salute, 1: 103-115.
  12. Cicognani E., Pirini C., Keyes C., Joshanloo M., Rostami R. and Nosratabadi M. (2008). Social Participation, Sense of Community and Social Well Being: A Study on American, Italian and Iranian University Students. Social Indicators Research, 89: 97-112. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-007-9222-
  13. Compton W.C., Smith M.L., Cornish K.A. and Qualls D.L. (1996). Factor structure of mental health measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 406-413.
  14. D’Alessio M., Guarino A., De Pascalis V. and Zimbardo P.G. (2003). Testing Zimbardo’s Stanford Time Perspective Inventory (ZPTI): Short form. Time & Society, 12 (2-3): 333-347.
  15. Davidson W.B. and Cotter P.R. (1986). Measurement of sense of community within the sphere of city. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16: 608-619. DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.1986.tb01162.
  16. Delle Fave A. e Bassi M. (2009). Psicologia e Salute. L’esperienza di utenti e operatori [Psychology and Health. The experience of users and operators]. Milano: Utet Di Fabio A. e Busoni L. (2009). Proprietà psicometriche della versione italiana della Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) con studenti universitari [Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) in college students. Counseling. Giornale Italiano di Ricerca e Applicazioni: 2: 201-212.
  17. Diener E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95: 542–575. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.54
  18. Diener E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psycologist, 55 (1): 34-43. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.3
  19. Diener E., Emmons R.A., Larsen R.J. and Griffin S. (1985). Satisfaction with Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49: 71-75. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_1
  20. Diener E. and Suh E.M. (1998). Subjective well-being and age: An international analysis. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 17: 304-324.
  21. Diener E., Suh E.M., Lucas R. and Smith H.L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125: 276-302. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.27
  22. Endler N.S. and Parker J.D.A. (1990). Multidimensional assessment of coping: A critical evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58 (5): 844-854. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.58.5.84
  23. Fava G.A. (1983). Assessing depressive symptoms across cultures: Italian validation of the CES-D selfrating scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39 (2): 249-51. DOI: 10.1002/1097-4679(198303)39:23.0CO;2-Y
  24. Greenspoon P.J. and Saklofske D.H. (2001). Toward an integration of subjective well-being and psychopathology. Social Indicators Research, 54: 81-108. DOI: 10.1023/A:100721922788
  25. Goldberg D.P. (1992). General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.
  26. Gonzales A. and Zimbardo P.G. (1985). Time in perspective. Psychology Today, 19 (3): 21-6.
  27. Harter S. (1993). Causes and consequences of low self-esteem in children and adolescents. In: R.F. Baumeister, editor, Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard. New York: Plenum Press, pp. 87-116.
  28. Hatch S.L., Harvey S.B. and Maughan B. (2010). A developmental-contextual approach to understanding mental health and well-being in early adulthood. Social Science & Medicine, 70: 261-268. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.00
  29. Headey B., Kelley J. and Wearing A. (1993). Dimensions of mental health: Life satisfaction, positive affect, anxiety, and depression. Social Indicators Research, 29: 63-82. DOI: 10.1007/BF0113619
  30. Hooghe M. and Vanhoutte B. (2011). Subjective well-being and social capital in Belgian communities. The impact of community characteristics on subjective well-being indicators in Belgium. Social Indicators
  31. Research, 100 (1): 17-36. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-010-9600-
  32. Kahneman D., Diener E. and Schwarz N. (1999), editors. Well-being: The foundations of hedonic psychology. New York: Russell-Sage.
  33. Kessler R.C., Mickelson K.D., Walters E.E., Zhao S. and Hamilton L. (2004). Age and depression in the MIDUS Survey. In: O.G. Brim, C.D. Ryff and R.C. Kessler, editors, How healthy are we: A national
  34. study of well-being at midlife. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 227-251.
  35. Keyes C.L.M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61: 121-140. DOI: 10.2307/278706
  36. Keyes C.L.M. (2002). The Mental Health Continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43: 207-222. DOI: 10.2307/309019
  37. Keyes C.L.M. (2004). The nexus of cardiovascular disease and depression revisited: The complete mental health perspective and the moderating role of age and gender. Aging and Mental Health, 8: 266-274. DOI: 10.1080/1360786041000166980
  38. Keyes C.L.M. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73: 539-548. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.53
  39. Keyes C.L.M. (2006). Mental health in adolescence: Is America’s youth flourishing? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76: 395-402. DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.76.3.39
  40. Keyes C.L.M. (2007). Promoting and protecting mental health as flourishing: A complementary strategy for improving national mental health. American Psychologist, 62: 95-108. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.2.9
  41. Keyes C.L.M. (2009a). The nature and importance of positive mental health in America’s adolescents. In: R. Gilman, E. Huebner and M. Furlong, editors, Handbook of positive psychology in schools.
  42. New York: Routledge, pp. 9-23. Keyes C.L.M. (2009b). Atlanta: Brief description of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHCSF). Resource document. Emory University web site. www.sociology.emory.edu/ckeyes. Accessed 25 January 2012.
  43. Keyes C.L.M. and Shapiro A.D. (2004). Social well-being in the United States: A descriptive epidemiology. In: O.G. Brim, C.D. Ryff and R.C. Kessler, editors, How healthy are we: A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 350-373). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  44. Keyes C.L.M., Shmotkin D. and Ryff C.D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82: 1007-1022. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.100
  45. Keyes C.L.M. and Waterman M.B. (2003). Dimensions of well-being and mental health in adulthood. In: M. Bornstein, L. Davidson, C.L.M. Keyes and K. Moore, editors, Well-Being: Positive Development Throughout the Life Course. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 477-497.
  46. Keyes C.L.M., Wissing M., Potgieter J. P., Temane M., Kruger A. and van Rooy S. (2008). Evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC–SF) in Setswana-speaking South Africans. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15: 181-192. DOI: 10.1002/cpp.57
  47. Kokko K., Korkalainen A. and Lyyra A.L. (2013). Structure and continuity of well-being in midadulthood: A longitudinal study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14: 99-114. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-011-9318-
  48. Lamers S.M.A., Westerhof G.J., Bohlmeijer E.T., ten Klooster P.M. and Keyes C.L.M. (2011). Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF). Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67: 99-110. DOI: 10.1002/jclp.2074
  49. Lamers S.M.A., Glas C.A.W., Westerhof G.J. and Bohlmeijer E.T. (2012). Longitudinal evaluation of the Mental Health Continuum – Short Form (MHC–SF). Measurement invariance across demographics, physical illness, and mental illness. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28 (4): 290-296. DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a00010
  50. Myers D.G. and Diener E. (1995). Who is happy?. Psychological Science, 6: 10-19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00298.
  51. Masse R., Poulin C., Dassa C., Lambert J., Belair S. and Battaglini A. (1998). The structure of mental health higher-order confirmatory factor analyses of psychological distress and wellbeing measures. Social Indicators Research, 45: 475-504. DOI: 10.1023/A:100699203238
  52. Mroczek D.K. and Kolarz C.M. (1998). The effect of age on positive and negative affect: A developmental perspective on happiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75: 1333-1349. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.5.133
  53. Palmonari A., Cavazza N. e Rubini M. (2002). Psicologia Sociale [Social psychology]. Bologna: Il Mulino.
  54. Piccinelli M., Bisoffi G., Bon M.G., Cunico L. and Tansella M. (1993). Validity and test-retest reliability of the Italian version of the 12-item General Health Questionnaire in general practice: A comparison between three scoring methods. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34 (3): 198-205.
  55. Pedrabissi L. e Santinello M. (1994). La validità del Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations di Endler e Parker [The validity of Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations by Endler and Parker]. Ricerche di Psicologia, 4 (18): 49-63.
  56. Petrillo G., Capone V., Caso D. and Keyes C.L. (2014). The Mental Health Continuum–Short Form (MHC–SF) as a Measure of Well-Being in the Italian Context. Social Indicators Research. DOI: 10.1007/s11205-014-0629-
  57. Petrillo G., Caso D. e Donizzetti A.R. (2011). Determinanti psicologiche e contestuali del benessere sociale in adolescenza [Psychological and contextual determinants of social wellbeing in adolescence], Rassegna di Psicologia, 2: 43-67.
  58. Prezza M., Costantini S., Chiarolanza V. e Di Marco, S. (1999). La Scala italiana del senso di comunità [The Italian sense of community Scale]. Psicologia della Salute, 3-4: 135-158.
  59. Prezza M., Trombaccia F. e Armento L. (1997). La scala dell’autostima di Rosenberg: traduzione e validazione italiana [Self-esteems scale by Rosemberg: translation and validation]. Bollettino di Psicologia Applicata, 223: 35-44.
  60. Radloff L.S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychology Measure, 1 (3): 385-401. DOI: 10.1177/01466216770010030
  61. Robitschek C. and Keyes C.L.M. (2009). Keyes’ model of mental health with personal growith initiative as a parcimonious predictor. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56: 321-329. DOI: 10.1037/a0013954
  62. Rosenberg M. (1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
  63. Ryan R.M. and Deci E.L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52: 141-166. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.14
  64. Ryff C.D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological wellbeing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57: 1069-1081. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.106
  65. Ryff C.D. and Keyes C.L.M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69: 719-727. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.71
  66. Ryff C.D. and Singer H.B. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: a eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being, Journal of Happiness Study, 9: 13-39. DOI: 10.1007/s10902-006-9019-
  67. Schwarzer R. and Jerusalem M. (1993). Measurement of perceived self-efficacy: Psychometric scales for cross-cultural research. Berlin: Freie Universität.
  68. Sibilia L., Schwarzer R. and Jerusalem M. (1995). Italian Adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Resource document. Retrieved from: http://www.ralfschwarzer.de/. Accessed 25 January 2012.
  69. Smedema S. M., Catalano D. and Ebener D. J. (2010). The Relationship of Coping, Self-Worth, and Subjective Well-Being: A Structural Equation Model Rehabilitation. Counseling Bulletin, 53: 131-142. DOI: 10.1177/003435520935827
  70. Steca P., Ryff C.D., D’Alessandro S. e Delle Fratte A. (2002). Il benessere psicologico. Differenze di genere e di età nel contesto italiano: comune soddisfazione di vita, autostima e ottimismo. [Psychological well-being: gender and age differences in the Italian context], 2007, Psicologia della Salute, 2: 121-143.
  71. Suldo S.M. and Shaffer E.J. (2008). Looking beyond psychopathology: The dual-factor model of mental health in youth. School Psychology Review, 37: 52-68.
  72. Terracciano A., McCrae R.R. and Costa P.T. Jr. (2003). Factorial and construct validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19: 131-141.
  73. Waterman A.S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64: 678-691. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.67
  74. Watson D., Clark L.A. and Tellegen. A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1988 (54): 1063-1070. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.106
  75. Westerhof G.J. (2001). Wohlbefinden in der zweiten Lebensha¨lfte [Well-being in the second half of life]. In: F. Dittmann-Kohli, C. Bode and G. J. Westerhof, editors, Die zweite Lebensha¨lfte – Psychologische Perspektiven. Ergebnisse des Alters-Survey. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, pp. 79-128.
  76. Westerhof G.J. and Keyes C.L.M. (2010). Mental illness and mental health: The Two Continua Model across the lifespan. Journal of Adult Development, 17: 110-119. DOI: 10.1007/s10804-009-9082-
  77. Westerhof G.J. and Keyes C.L.M. (2008). Geestelijke gezondheid is meer dan de afwezigheid van geestelijke ziekte [Mental health is more than the absence of mental illness]. Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid, 63: 808-820.
  78. World Health Organization. (2005). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice. Geneva: WHO.
  79. Zambianchi M. e Ricci Bitti E.P. (2013). Il ruolo del supporto sociale, del genere e della scolarità nel benessere sociale in età anziana [The role of social support, gender, and level of education on social well-being in old age]. Psicologia della Salute, 1: 111-115. DOI: 10.3280/PDS2013-00100
  80. Zambianchi M. e Ricci Bitti E.P. (2012) Benessere psicologico e prospettiva temporale negli adolescenti e nei giovani [Psychological well-being and time perspective in adolescence and youth]. Psicologia della Salute, 2: 83-103. DOI: 10.3280/PDS2012-00200
  81. Zani B. e Cicognani E. (1999), a cura di, Le vie del benessere [The ways of well-being]. Roma: Carocci.
  82. Zimbardo P.G. and Boyd J.N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable, individual differences metric, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6: 1271-1288. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.127

  • Community Trust: A Social Indicator Related to Community Engagement Immacolata Di Napoli, Pasquale Dolce, Caterina Arcidiacono, in Social Indicators Research /2019 pp.551
    DOI: 10.1007/s11205-019-02114-y
  • Psychological Lockdown Experiences: Downtime or an Unexpected Time for Being? Fortuna Procentese, Ciro Esposito, Florencia Gonzalez Leone, Barbara Agueli, Caterina Arcidiacono, Maria Francesca Freda, Immacolata Di Napoli, in Frontiers in Psychology 577089/2021
    DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.577089
  • Predictors of life satisfaction in a large representative sample from Italy Vincenza Capone, Mohsen Joshanloo, Heinz Scheifinger, in Current Psychology /2021 pp.3609
    DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00305-x
  • L'uso di Internet e il benessere psicosociale in adolescenza: uno studio correlazionale Daniela Caso, in PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE 2/2015 pp.141
    DOI: 10.3280/PDS2015-002008
  • Mental health in teachers: Relationships with job satisfaction, efficacy beliefs, burnout and depression Vincenza Capone, Giovanna Petrillo, in Current Psychology /2020 pp.1757
    DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9878-7
  • Adolescents’ Mental Health at School: The Mediating Role of Life Satisfaction Valeria Cavioni, Ilaria Grazzani, Veronica Ornaghi, Alessia Agliati, Alessandro Pepe, in Frontiers in Psychology 720628/2021
    DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720628
  • Il Work-Study Conflict degli studenti universitari: quali relazioni con il benessere? Vincenza Capone, in PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE 3/2018 pp.131
    DOI: 10.3280/PDS2018-003007
  • Exploring the psychosocial impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on women’s perinatal experiences and wellbeing: A qualitative study Federica Mari, Miriam Capasso, Daniela Caso, in Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 100805/2023 pp.100805
    DOI: 10.1016/j.srhc.2022.100805

Giovanna Petrillo, Daniela Caso, Vincenza Capone, Un’applicazione del Mental Health Continuum di Keyes al contesto italiano: benessere e malessere in giovani, adulti e anziani in "PSICOLOGIA DELLA SALUTE" 2/2014, pp 159-181, DOI: 10.3280/PDS2014-002010