Cooperative Federalism in Biscayne National Park

Titolo Rivista AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI
Autori/Curatori Ryan B. Stoa
Anno di pubblicazione 2015 Fascicolo 2014/2
Lingua Inglese Numero pagine 45 P. 56-100 Dimensione file 186 KB
DOI 10.3280/AIM2014-002004
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Biscayne National Park is the largest marine national park in the United States. It contains four distinct ecosystems, encompasses 173,000 acres (only 5% of which are land), and is located within densely populated Miami-Dade County. The bay has a rich history of natural resource exploitation, but aggressive residential and industrial development schemes prompted Congress to create Biscayne National Monument in 1968, followed by the designation of Biscayne National Park in 1980. When the dust settled the state of Florida retained key management powers over the park, including joint authority over fishery management. States and the federal government occasionally share responsibility for regulating natural resources, but Biscayne National Park represents a unique case study in cooperative federalism. This article explores these cooperative federalism contours in order to assess whether the park’s management paradigm provides a model worthy of replication. A diverse range of materials were reviewed for this project, including literature and jurisprudence on traditional models of cooperative federalism, federal natural resources laws, national park regulations and policy, Biscayne National Park’s statutory frameworks and legislative history, state and federal management plans, inter-agency communications, and direct stakeholder interviews. They combine to tell a story of cooperative federalism that has been frustrating and, at times, incoherent. But the story also shows that shared responsibility over fishery management has produced beneficial results for the park and its stakeholders by forcing state and federal officials to work together on planning and enforcement, diversifying human and financial resources, and incorporating federal, state, and local interests into park management and policy. The research suggests that future applications of the Biscayne National Park model of cooperative federalism, in which states and the federal government share joint authority over marine resources in some capacity, may enjoy similar success.

Il Biscayne National Park è il più grande parco nazionale marino negli Stati Uniti. In esso sono presenti quattro ecosistemi diversi, comprende 173.000 acri (solo il 5% dei quali sono terreni) e si trova nelle vicinanze della densamente popolata contea di Miami-Dade. La baia ha una ricca storia di sfruttamento delle risorse naturali, ma i regimi aggressivi di sviluppo residenziale ed industriale ha spinto il Congresso a creare il Biscayne National Monument nel 1968, in seguito denominato Biscayne National Park nel 1980. Il Parco è gestito direttamente dallo Stato della Florida, il quale ha altresì competenza condivisa [con il governo federale, ndr] sulla gestione della pesca. Gli Stati e il governo federale a volte condividono la responsabilità per la regolamentazione delle risorse naturali, ma il Biscayne National Park rappresenta un caso di studio unico di "federalismo cooperativo". Questo articolo analizza i confini del federalismo cooperativo, al fine di valutare se tale paradigma di gestione del parco possa fornire un modello replicabile. Una vasta gamma di fonti sono state oggetto di studio per questo progetto, tra cui la letteratura e la giurisprudenza sui modelli tradizionali di federalismo cooperativo, le leggi sulle risorse naturali federali, le regole nazionali sui parchi nazionali, lo statuto del Biscayne National Park’s e la normativa non più vigente al riguardo, i piani statali e federali di gestione, i comunicati delle agenzie di comunicazione, nonché interviste dirette delle parti interessate. Da tali fonti emerge una storia del federalismo cooperativo che mostra sfaccettature talvolta incoerenti, se non frustranti. Ma al contempo si evince altresì come la responsabilità condivisa sulla gestione della pesca abbia prodotto negli anni risultati positivi per il parco, costringendo funzionari statali e federali a lavorare insieme sulla pianificazione e l’esecuzione, la diversificando le risorse umane e finanziarie, trovando una sintesi tra gli interessi federali, statali e locali nella politica gestionale del parco. La ricerca suggerisce che le future applicazioni del modello di federalismo cooperativo del Biscayne National Park, in cui Stati e governo federale in qualche modo condividono la competenza congiunta sulle risorse marine, possano godere di un successo simile.

Keywords:Federalismo cooperativo; Biscayne National Park; gestione della pesca

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Ryan B. Stoa, Cooperative Federalism in Biscayne National Park in "AGRICOLTURA ISTITUZIONI MERCATI " 2/2014, pp 56-100, DOI: 10.3280/AIM2014-002004