Choosing between Peace and War in the Spanish Monarchy at the Time of Philip II: a Case Study.

Journal title SOCIETÀ E STORIA
Author/s Arturo pacini
Publishing Year 2024 Issue 2024/185
Language Italian Pages 32 P. 565-596 File size 269 KB
DOI 10.3280/SS2024-185005
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

The author of this article examines, as a case study, the decision-­making process by which, between April and July 1575, Philip II authorized the “old” nobles of Genoa («nobili vecchi») to take up arms against the Republic and to resolves their dispute with the “new” nobles («nobili nuovi»), who were in power following a popular uprising in mid-­March. The documentation that has come down to us allows us to reconstruct in detail not only the information-­gathering phase and the consultative phase, which was entrusted to the Council of State, but also the decision-­making phase, carried out in the utmost secrecy by Philip II and his secretary Antonio Pérez. The possibility of illuminating, at least in part, what Arndt Brendecke has called the «black box of decision-­making» allows us to bring the results of this case study to bear on some recent trends in the historiography on the Spanish monarchy of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which in the last forty years has changed its perspectives, key concepts and overall visions repeatedly.

Keywords: decision-­making, Genoa, Philip II, Antonio Pérez, Council of State, power elites, polycentric monarchy.

  1. Albareda J. e Herrero Sánchez M. (2019), Introduction, in Political Representation in the Ancien Régime, a cura di J. Albareda e M. Herrero Sánchez, New York London, Routledge, pp. 319-­333.
  2. Albèri E. (1861), Le relazioni degli ambasciatori veneti al senato durante il secolo decimosesto, serie I, volume V, Firenze, a spese dell’editore.
  3. Álvarez Nogal C. (2001), I banchieri genovesi e la monarchia spagnola tra Cinque e Seicento, in «Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria», 41, 2, pp. 107-­121.
  4. Pacini A. (2020a), Fonti spagnole sulla crisi genovese del 1575, Genova, Società Ligure di Storia Patria.
  5. Pacini A. (2020b), Introduzione. Conoscere, consultare, decidere: Filippo II e la crisi genovese del 1575-­1576, in Fonti spagnole sulla crisi genovese del 1575, a cura di
  6. A. Pacini, Genova, Società Ligure di Storia Patria, pp. VII-­LXVI.
  7. Álvarez Nogal C. e Chamley C. (2013), La crisis financiera de Castilla en 1575-­1577: fiscalidad y estrategia, in Crisis Financieras en la Historia, a cura di L.M. Bilbao e R. Lanza, «Revista de la Historia de la Economía y de la Empresa», 7, pp. 194-­197. Álvarez Nogal C. e Chamley C. (2014), Debt policy under constraints: between Philip II, the Cortes, and Genoese bankers, in «The Economic History Review», 67, 1, pp. 192-­213.
  8. Álvarez Nogal C. e Chamley C. (2016), Philip II against the Cortes and the credit freeze of 1575-­1577, in «Revista de Historia Económica Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History», 34, 3, pp. 351-­382.
  9. Barrios F. (1984), El Consejo de Estado de la Monarquía española, 1.526-­1.812, Madrid, Consejo de Estado.
  10. Barrios F. (2015), La Gobernación de la Monarquía de España. Consejos, Juntas y Secretarios de la Administración de Corte (1556-­1700), Madrid, Boletín Oficial del Estado.
  11. Bermúdez de Pedraza F. (1620), El secretario del rey, Madrid, Luis Sánchez. Bethencourt F. (2007), Political Configurations and Local Powers, in Portuguese Oceanic Expansion 1400-­1800, a cura di F. Bethencourt e D. Ramada Curto, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 197-­254.
  12. Bitossi C. (2009), Le vicissitudini di una simbiosi: Genova e la Spagna nell’età di Filippo II, in Italia non spagnola e monarchia spagnola tra ‘500 e ‘600. Politica, cultura e letteratura, a cura di G. Di Stefano e E. Fasano Guarini e A. Martinengo, Firenze, Olschki, pp. 83-­108.
  13. Bodei R. (2011), From secrecy to transparency: Raison of state and democracy, in «Philosophy and Social Criticism», 38, pp. 889-­898.
  14. Botero G. (1948), Della Ragion di Stato, a cura di L. Firpo, Torino, Utet.
  15. Brendecke A. (2006), “Diese Teufel, meine Papiere . . .” Philipp II. von Spanien und das Anwachsen administrativer Schriftlichkeit, in «Aventinus nova», 5 (disponibile al seguente URL: http://www.aventinus-­online.de/no_cache/persistent/artikel/7785).
  16. Brendecke A. (2009), Informing the Council. Central Institutions and Local Knowledge in the Spanish Empire, in Empowering Interactions. Political Cultures and the Emergence of the State in Europe 1300-­1900, a cura di W. Blockmans, A. Holstein, J. Mathieu e D. Schläppi, Farnham, Ashgate, pp. 235-­252.
  17. Brendecke A. (2016), The Empirical Empire. Spanish Colonial Rule and the Politics of Knowledge, Berlin, De Gruyter Oldenburg.
  18. Brendecke A. e Steiner B. (2021), Governance, in Information. A Historical Companion, a cura di A. Blair, P. Duguid, A.-­S. Goeing e A. Grafton Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 470-­478.
  19. Cardim P., Herzog T., Ruiz Ibáñez J.J. e G. Sabatini (a cura di) (2012a), Polycentric Monarchies: How did Early Modern Spain and Portugal Achieve and Maintain a Global Hegemony?, Eastbourne, Sussex Academic Press.
  20. Cardim P., Herzog T., Ruiz Ibáñez J.J. e Sabatini G. (2012b), Introduction. Polycentric Monarchies: How did Early Modern Spain and Portugal Achieve and Maintain a Global Hegemony?, in Polycentric Monarchies: How did Early Modern Spain and Portugal Achieve and Maintain a Global Hegemony?, a cura di P. Cardim, T. Herzog, J.J. Ruiz Ibáñez e G. Sabatini, Eastbourne, Sussex Academic Press, pp. 3-­8.
  21. Cardim P., Feros A. e Sabatini G. (2020), The Political Constitution of the Iberian Monarchies, in The Ibierian World, 1550-­1820, a cura di F. Bouza, P. Cardim e A. Feros, London New York, Routledge, pp. 34-­61.
  22. Carlos Morales C.J. de (1999), La Hacienda real de Castilla y la revolución financiera de los genoveses, «Chronica Nova», 26, pp. 37-­78.
  23. Carlos Morales C.J. de (2008), Felipe II: un imperio en bancarrota. La Hacienda Real de Castilla y los negocios financieros del Rey Prudente, Madrid, Editorial Dilema. Carlos Morales C.J. de (2016), El precio del dinero dinástico: endeudamiento y crisis financieras en la España de los Austrias, 1557-­1647, I;; II, Corpus documental, Madrid, Banco de España.
  24. Chabod F. (1961), Storia dell’idea d’Europa, a cura di E. Sestan e A. Saitta, Bari, Laterza.
  25. Claerr R. e Poncet O. (a cura di) (2008), La prise de décision en France (1525-­1559): Recherches sur la réalité du pouvoir royal ou princier à la Renaissance, Paris, École des Chartes.
  26. Cunill C. (2015), Philip II and Indigenous Access to Royal Justice: Considering the Process of Decision-­Making in the Spanish Empire, in «Colonial Latin American Review», 24, 4, pp. 505-­524.
  27. Cunill C. (2020), Margins of documents, center of power: a case study on the Consejo de Indias’ annotated paperwork and the construction of legality in an imperial archive, in «Archival Science», 20, pp. 381-­400.
  28. Descendre R. (2014), Qu’est-­ce que la «vie civile»? Machiavel et le vivere civile, in «Transalpina», 17, pp. 21-­40.
  29. De Vivo F. (2007), Information and Communication in Venice. Rethinking Early Modern Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  30. Doria G. (1977), Un quadriennio critico: 1575-­1578. Contrasti e nuovi orientamenti nella società genovese nel quadro della crisi finanziaria spagnola, in Fatti e idee di storia economica nei secoli XII-­XX. Studi dedicati a Franco Borlandi, Bologna, il Mulino, pp. 377-­394.
  31. Dover P.M. (2012), Philip II, Information Overload and the Early Modern Moment, in The Limits of Empire: European Imperial Formations in Early Modern World History. Essays in Honor of Geoffrey Parker, a cura di T. Andrade e W. Reger, Farnham, Ashgate, pp. 99-­120.
  32. Dover P.M. (a cura di) (2016), Secretaries and Statecraft in the Early Modern World, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.
  33. Dover P.M. (2021), The Information Revolution in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  34. Drews W. (2018), Cultures of Decision-­Making and the Spanish Inquisition: Research Problems and Perspectives, in «Revista de la Inquisición. Intolerancia y Derechos Humanos», 22, pp. 63-­76.
  35. Elliott J. H. (1986), The Count-­Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline, New Haven London, Yale University Press.
  36. Escudero J.A. (2003), Felipe II y el gobierno de la Monarquía, in Corte y Monarquía en España, a cura di M.-­D. Del Mar Sánchez Gonzáles, Madrid, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Editorial Centro de Estudios Ramón Areces, pp. 13-­27.
  37. Escudero J.A. (2019), Felipe II. El rey en el despacho, Madrid, Boletín Oficial del Estado, Real Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislación de España.
  38. Esteban Estríngana A. (2022), El «Flandes separado», de remedio pacificador a enfermedad de la Monarquía de Felipe III. Terapias sanadoras a comienzos del reinado (1598-­1605), in «Hispania», 82, 271, pp. 321-­354.
  39. Fasano Guarini E. (1990), Machiavelli and the Crisis of the Italian Republics, in Machiavelli and Republicanism, a cura di G. Bock, Q. Skinner e M. Viroli, Cambridge New York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 17-­40.
  40. Ferente S. (2018), Parties, Quotas and Elections in Late Medieval Genoa, in Cultures of Voting in Pre-­modern Europe, a cura di S. Ferente, L. Kuncevic e M. Pattenden, London New York, Routledge, pp. 187-­204.
  41. Fernández Conti S. (1998), Los Consejos de Estado y Guerra de la monarquía hispana en tiempos de Felipe II (1548-­1598), Valladolid, Sociedad Estatal para la Conmemoración de los Centenarios de Felipe II y Carlos V.
  42. Firpo M. e Maifreda G. (2019), L’eretico che salvò la Chiesa. Il cardinale Giovanni Morone e le origini della Controriforma, Torino, Einaudi.
  43. Fortea Pérez J.I. (2002), El proceso de Antonio Pérez, in Los grandes Procesos de la historia de España, a cura di S. Muñoz Machado, Barcelona, Crítica, pp. 209-­238. Frigo D. (2000), Introduction, in Politics and Diplomacy in Early Modern Italy. The Structure of Diplomatic Practice, 1450-­1800, a cura di D. Frigo e A. Belton, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  44. Gelabert González J.E (2023), La bolsa y la espada. Guerra y hacienda en la Monarquía Hispana (1573-­1575), in Oficio de Príncipes: Conflicto militar, economía y circuitos financieros en la Península Ibérica (siglos XIII-­XVII), a cura di Á. Galán Sánchez, J.R. Díaz de Durana e J.M. Triano Milán, Granada, 2023, pp. 203-­228.
  45. Ghobrial J.-­P.A. (2021), Information Networks and the Making of a Connected World in the Sixteenth Century, in Information. A Historical Companion, a cura di A. Blair, P. Duguid, A.-­S. Goeing e A. Grafton, Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 84-­103.
  46. Guicciardini F. (1971), Storia d’Italia, a cura di S. Seidel Menchi, Torino, Einaudi. Head R.C. (2021), Records, Secretaries, and the European Information State, circa
  47. 1400-­1700, in Information. A Historical Companion, a cura di A. Blair, P. Duguid, A.-­S. Goeing e A. Grafton Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 104-­127.
  48. Herrero Sanchez M. (2012), Republican Monarchies, Patrimonial Republics: The Catholic Monarchy and the Mercantile Republics of Genoa and the United Provinces, in Polycentric Monarchies. How did Early Modern Spain and Portugal Achieve and Maintain a Global Hegemony?, a cura di P. Cardim, T. Herzog, J-­J. Ruiz Ibáñez e G. Sabatini, Eastbourne, Sussex Academic Press, pp. 181-­196.
  49. Herrero Sanchez M. (2017a), Introducción: Lineas de analisis y debates conceptuales en torno al estudio de las repúblicas y el republicanismo en la Europa moderna, in Repúblicas y republicanismo en la Europa moderna (siglos XVI-­XVIII), a cura di M. Herrero Sánchez, Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 17-­89.
  50. Herrero Sanchez M. (2017b), La Monarquía Hispánica y las repúblicas europeas. El modelo republicano en una monarquía de ciudades, in Repúblicas y republicanismo en la Europa moderna (siglos XVI-­XVIII), a cura di M. Herrero Sánchez, Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 273-­326.
  51. Herrero Sánchez M. (2019), Urban Republicanism and Political Representation in the Spanish Monarchy, in Political Representation in the Ancien Régime, a cura di J. Albareda e M. Herrero Sánchez, New York London, Routledge, pp. 319-­333.
  52. Herrero Sánchez M. (2020), Spanish Theories of Empire: A Catholic and Polycentric Monarchy, in A Companion to Early Modern Spanish Imperial Political and Social Thought, a cura di J.A. Tellkamp, Leiden Boston, Brill, pp. 17-­52.
  53. Ijäs M. (2014), The Rejected Candidate. John III Vasa, the Polish-­Lithuanian royal elections (1573/1575) and early-­modern political decision-­making, in «Scandinavian Journal of History», 39, 4, pp. 403-­424.
  54. Ijäs M. e Uusitalo L. (2007), Early modern state formation in the margins? A review of early modern popular politics and limited royal power in the Polish-­Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Spanish colonial empire, in «J@rgonia», 15, 30, pp. 153-­177.
  55. Israel J. (1998), The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-­1806, Oxford, Clarendon Press.
  56. Kunčević L. (2018), Political decision-­making in the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, in Cultures of Voting in Pre-­modern Europe, a cura di S. Ferente, L. Kuncevic e M. Pattenden, London New York, Routledge, pp. 225-­241.
  57. Leges Novae Reipublicae Genuensis (...) (1576), Genuae, Apud Marcum Antonium Bellonum, ducalem Typographum.
  58. Levi G. (2017), Prólogo, in Repúblicas y republicanismo en la Europa moderna (siglos XVI-­XVIII), a cura di M. Herrero Sánchez, Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 11-­15.
  59. Levin M.J. (2005), Agent of Empire. Spanish Ambassadors in Sixteenth-­Century Italy, Ithaca London, Cornell University Press.
  60. Levy F. (2014), La Monarchie et la Commune. Les relations entre Gênes et la France, 1396-­1512, Roma, École Française de Rome, 2014.
  61. Lo Basso L. (2007), Gli asentisti del re. L’esercizio privato della guerra nelle strategie economiche dei genovesi (1528-­1716), in Mediterraneo in armi (secc. XVXVIII), a cura di R. Cancila, «Quaderni di Mediterranea», 4, 2, pp. 397-­428.
  62. Machiavelli N. (2018), Tutte le opere, secondo l’edizione di Mario Martelli (1971), a cura di M. Martelli e P.D. Accendere, Milano, Bompiani.
  63. Maissen T. (2014), Devenir une république au temps des monarchies. La Confédération helvétique et les Provinces-­Unies face au défi intellectuel et politique de l’absolutisme français, in «Francia. Forschungen zur westeuropäischen Geschichte», 41, pp. 101-­127.
  64. Maissen T. (2017), Repúblicas y republicanismo. Realidades, terminología y enfoques, in Repúblicas y republicanismo en la Europa moderna (siglos XVI-­XVIII), a cura di M. Herrero Sánchez, Madrid, Fondo de Cultura Económica, pp. 157-­184.
  65. Maltby W.S. (1983), Alba. A Biography of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Third Duke of Alba 1507-­1582, Berkeley Los Angeles London, University of California Press. Marañón G. (1998), Antonio Pérez (El hombre, el drama, la época), Madrid, Espasa Calpe.
  66. Maréchaux B. (2020), Los asentistas de galeras genoveses y la articulación naval de un imperio policéntrico (siglos XVI-­XVII), in «Hispania», 80, 264, pp. 47-­77.
  67. Martínez Aznal R. (2017), Navarra en tiempo de Cervantes. Debates en torno a la configuración de la Monarquía Hispánica, siglos XVI-­XVI, in “Posside sapientiam” Actas del VI Congreso Internacional Jóvenes Investigadores Siglo de Oro, a cura di C. Mata Induráin e S. Santa Aguilar, Pamplona, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, pp. 143-­155.
  68. Martínez Belmejo S. (2018), Voice, orality and the perfomance of political counsel in early modern Spain, in «The Historical Journal», 61, pp. 891-­911.
  69. Martínez Millán J. e Carlos Morales C. de (1998), Felipe II (1527-­1598). La configuración de la monarquía hispánica, Valladolid, Junta de Castilla y León, Consejería de Educación y Cultura.
  70. Masters A. (2023), We, the King. Creating Royal Legislation in the Sixteenth-­Century Spanish New World, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  71. Mora Afán J.C., Idiáquez Olazábal, Juan de, in Real academia de la historia, Diccionario biográfico electrónico (disponibile al seguente URL: http://dbe.rah.es/).
  72. Pacini A. (1999), La Genova di Andrea Doria nell’Impero di Carlo V, Firenze, Olschki. Pacini A. (2013), “Desde Rosas a Gaeta”. La costruzione della rotta spagnola nel Mediterraneo occidentale nel secolo XVI, Milano, FrancoAngeli.
  73. Pacini A. (2018), Francesco I e Genova: quale strategia?, in François Ier et l’espace politique italien: États, domaines et territoires, a cura di J.C. D’Amico e J.-­L Fournel, Roma, École française de Rome, pp. 129-­151.
  74. Pacini A. (2023), Introduzione. Andrea Doria tra Genova, Spagna e Mediterraneo, in Lettere di Andrea Doria a Carlo V e a Filippo II, a cura di A. Pacini, Genova, Società Ligure di Storia Patria.
  75. Pacini A. e Rizzo M. (2017), “Si no quiere perder el estado de Milán y quanto tiene en Italia”. Filippo II, Genova, Milano e la strategia asburgica nel fatidico 1575, in Estudios sobre Guerra y Sociedad en la Monarquía Hispánica. Guerra marítima, estrategia, organización y cultura militar (1500-­1700), a cura di E. García Hernán e D. Maffi, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones, pp. 853-­878.
  76. Parker G. (1972), The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567-­1659. The Logistics of Spanish Victory and Defeat in the Low Countries’ Wars, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  77. Parker G. (1998), The Grand Strategy of Philip II, New Haven London, Yale University Press.
  78. Parker G. (2014), Imprudent King. A New Life of Philip II, New Haven London, Yale University Press.
  79. Paruta P. (1964), Della Perfettione della vita politica, in Scrittori politici del ’500 e del ’600, a cura di B. Widmar, Milano, Rizzoli, pp. 139-­570.
  80. Pedullà G. (2020), Humanist republicanism: Towards a new paradigm, in «History of Political Thought», 41, 1, pp. 43-­95.
  81. Pérez A. (1986), Relaciones de Antonio Pérez, Secretario de Estado, que fue del Rey de España Don Phelipe II, deste nombre (París, 1598), a cura di P.J. Arroyal Edpigares, Málaga, Universidad de Málaga.
  82. Pocock J.G.A. (2010), Machiavelli and Rome: the republic as ideal and as history, in The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli, a cura di J.M. Najemy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 144-­156.
  83. Polo Martín R.M. (2018), Consejos y consultas: La consulta como instrumento de gobierno en la Monarquía hispánica del Antiguo Régimen. Un estudio jurídico-­institucional, con especial referencia al Consejo de Castilla, Bilbao, Fundación BBVA.
  84. Proceso criminal que se fulminó contra Antonio Pérez (...) (1788), Madrid, por Don Antonio Espinosa.
  85. Rivero Rodríguez M. (1998), Felipe II y el gobierno de Italia, Madrid, Sociedad Estatal para la Conmemoración de los Centenarios de Felipe II y Carlos V.
  86. Rivero Rodríguez M. (2013), La reconstrucción de la Monarquía Hispánica: La nueva relación con los reinos (1648-­1680), in «Revista Escuela de Historia», 12, 1 (disponibile al seguente URL: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=63839927002).
  87. Rodríguez-­Salgado M.J. (1991), The Court of Philip II of Spain, in, Princes, Patronage, and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age c.1450-­1650, a cura di R.G. Asch e A.M. Birke, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 205-­244.
  88. Sauli M. (1575), Lettera di monsig. protonotario Sauli (...) à l’Illustriss. Sig. Gio. Andrea Doria, à XV d’Aprile M.D. LXXV, Milano, Paolo Gottardo Pontio.
  89. Savelli R. (1981), La repubblica oligarchica. Legislazione, istituzioni e ceti a Genova nel Cinquecento, Milano, Giuffrè.
  90. Schaub J.-­F. (2012), Maritime Archipelago, Political Archipelago. The Azores under the Habsburgs (1581-­1640), in Polycentric Monarchies. How did Early Modern Spain and Portugal Achieve and Maintain a Global Hegemony?, a cura di P. Cardim, T. Herzog, J.-­J. Ruiz Ibáñez e G. Sabatini, Eastbourne, Sussex Academic Press, pp. 11-­26.
  91. Schnettger M. (2006), “Principe sovrano”, oder, “Civitas imperialis”?: die Republik Genua und das Alte Reich in der frühen Neuzeit (1556-­1797), Mainz, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte.
  92. Schlögl R. (a cura di) (2009), Urban Elections and Decision-­Making in Early Modern Europe, 1500-­1800, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  93. Skinner Q. (1999), Machiavelli’s Discorsi and the pre-­humanist origins of republican ideas, in Machiavelli and Republicanism, a cura di G. Bock, Q. Skinner e M. Viroli, Cambridge New York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 121-­141.
  94. Stollberg-­Rilinger B. (2014), Rituals of Decision-­making? Early Modern European Assemblies of Estates as Acts of Symbolic Communication, in Political Order and Forms of Communication in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, a cura di Y. Hattori, Roma, Viella.
  95. Ungerer G. (1975), La defensa de Antonio Pérez contra los cargos que se le imputaron en el proceso de Visita (1584), in «Revista de Historia Jerónimo Zurita», 27-­28, pp. 63-­147.
  96. Weststeijn A. (2008), Antonio Pérez y la formación de la política española respecto a la rebelión de los Países Bajos, 1576-­1579, in « Historia y Política », 19, pp. 231-­254.
  97. Yun-­Casalilla B. (2022), Early modern Iberian empires, global history and the history of early globalization, in «Journal of Global History», 17, pp. 539-­561.
  98. Yun-­Casalilla B. (2023), Concepts and Viewpoints in Early Modern Iberian Imperial History and the Globalization of Historiographies, in Formative Modernities in the Early Modern Atlantic and Beyond: Identities, Polities and Glocal Economies, a cura di V. Hyden-­Hanscho e W. Stangl, Singapore, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3-­25.

Arturo pacini, Scegliere tra pace e guerra nella monarchia spagnola al tempo di Filippo II: la rivolta genovese del 1575 come caso di studio in "SOCIETÀ E STORIA " 185/2024, pp 565-596, DOI: 10.3280/SS2024-185005