Il paradosso del lockdown da COVID-19: cosa accade alle donne e ai minori nei contesti maltrattanti

Titolo Rivista MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL’INFANZIA
Autori/Curatori Lorenza Di Pentima, Alessandro Toni
Anno di pubblicazione 2021 Fascicolo 2021/3
Lingua Italiano Numero pagine 25 P. 11-35 Dimensione file 266 KB
DOI 10.3280/MAL2021-003002
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più clicca qui

Qui sotto puoi vedere in anteprima la prima pagina di questo articolo.

Se questo articolo ti interessa, lo puoi acquistare (e scaricare in formato pdf) seguendo le facili indicazioni per acquistare il download credit. Acquista Download Credits per scaricare questo Articolo in formato PDF

Anteprima articolo

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA)associazione indipendente e non profit per facilitare (attraverso i servizi tecnologici implementati da CrossRef.org) l’accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche

Nel 2020, a causa della pandemia dovuta al virus SARS-CoV-2, in tutto il mondo è stato attivato il lockdown, richiedendo di rimanere nelle proprie abituazioni per frenare il contagio. Se l’isolamento domestico ha rappresentato la misura più efficace per limitare la diffusione del virus, per le vittime di violenza domestica, soprattutto donne e minori, ciò ha costituito un aumento del rischio di subire violenze fisiche, sessuali, psicologiche ed assistite. Molte le ragioni all’origine di tale fenomeno: l’incertezza dell’evoluzione della patologia e la precarietà economica hanno rappresentato fattori di maggiore stress, a cui si sono aggiunti la convivenza forzata tra la vittima e il suo abusante, e l’aumentato controllo di quest’ultimo, elementi che hanno incentivato il ripetersi degli episodi di violenza. Inoltre, per le vittime è stato quasi impossibile richiedere aiuto, poiché con il lockdown non si poteva lasciare la propria abitazione e i servizi del territorio non hanno potuto garantire una vigilanza continuativa sulle situazioni più a rischio. Infine, in accordo con la letteratura, è stato riscontrato che la maggior parte delle vittime, per il loro assetto psicologico, derivante dall’aver subito a lungo violenze di ogni tipo, ritengono di avere poco controllo sugli eventi e di non poter ricevere aiuto da parte degli altri; così per lo più hanno rinunciato a richiedere un intervento esterno per uscire dalla spirale della violenza.;

Keywords:COVID-19; violenza domestica; vittimizzazione; donne; minori.

  1. Andrews, N.C.Z., Motz, M., & Pepler, D.J. (2021). A National Implementation of Community-Based Intervention for mothers experiencing violence in relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 35(1), 92-102.
  2. Attili, G., Di Pentima, L., & Toni, A. (2013). Abuso, trascuratezza e il controllo degli eventi: Il paradosso dell’attaccamento. Maltrattamento e abuso all’infanzia, 15(3), 89-108. DOI: 10.3280/MAL2013-003005
  3. Attili, G., Di Pentima, L., Toni, A., & Roazzi, A. (2016). Reazioni dei genitori in situazioni problematiche e attribuzioni di causa: Le aspettative dei bambini maltrattati. Maltrattamento e abuso all’infanzia, 18(1), 89-118. DOI: 10.3280/MAL2016-001005
  4. Bagwell-Gray, M.E., & Bartholmey, E. (2020). Safety and services for survivors of intimate partner violence: A researcher–practitioner dialogue on the impact of COVID-19. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S205-S207.
  5. Banerjee, D.D. (2020). The other side of COVID-19: Impact on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and hoarding. Psychiatry Research, 288: 112966.
  6. Barker-Collo, S., Read, J., & Cowie, S. (2012). Coping strategies in female survivors of childhood sexual abuse from two Canadian and two New Zealand cultural groups. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 13(4), 435-447. DOI: 10.1080/15299732.2011.652343
  7. Baron, E. J., Goldstein, E. G., & Wallace, C. (2020). Suffering in silence: How COVID-19. School closures inhibit the reporting of child maltreatment, 190, 104258.
  8. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. London: Hogarth Press, (trad. it. Attaccamento e perdita. Vol. 1: L’attaccamento alla madre. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1972).
  9. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol. 2: Separation, anxiety and anger. London: Hogarth Press, (trad. it. Attaccamento e perdita. Vol. 2: La separazione dalla madre. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1975).
  10. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss. Vol. 3: Loss, sadness and depression. London: Hogarth Press, (trad. it. Attaccamento e perdita. Vol. 3: La perdita della madre. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 1983).
  11. Bradbury-Jones, C., & Isham, L. (2020). The pandemic paradox: The consequences of COVID-19 on domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 1-3.
  12. Brianda, M. E., Roskam, I., Gross, J. J., Franssen, A., Kapala, F., Gerard, F., & Mikolajczak, M. (2020). Treating parental burnout: Impact of two treatment modalities on burnout symptoms, emotions, hair cortisol, and parental neglect and violence. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 89, 330-332. DOI: 10.1159/000506354
  13. Brooks, S.K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G.J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
  14. Brown, S. M., Doom, J., Watamura, S., Lechuga-Pena, S., & Koppels, T. (2020). Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110(2),
  15. Bryant, D.J., Oo, M., & Damian, A.J. (2020). The rise of Adverse Childhood Experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), 193-194.
  16. Butler, M. J., & Barrientos, R. M. (2020). The impact of nutrition on COVID-19 susceptibility and long-term consequences. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 53-54.
  17. Camisasca, E., Caravita, S.C., Milani, L., & Di Blasio, P. (2012). The children’s coping strategies checklist-revision 1: A validation study in the Italian population. TPM: Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 19(3), 197-218. DOI: 10.4473/TPM19.3.4
  18. Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports,2: 100089.
  19. Chaffin, M., Bonner, B. L., & Hill, R. F. (2001). Family preservation and family support programs: Child maltreatment outcomes across client risk levels and program types. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 25, 1269–1289. DOI: 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00275-7
  20. Chevance, A., Gourion, D., Hoertel, N., Llorca, P.M., Thomas, P., Bocher, R.M., Moro, M. R., Laprévot, V., Benyaamina, A., Fossati, P., Masson, M., Leaune, E., Leboyer, M., & Gaillard, R. (2020). Ensuring mental health care during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France: A narrative review. Encephale, 46(3), 193-201.
  21. Chung, G., Lanier, P., & Wong, P.Y.J. (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent-child relationship during Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence, 1-12.
  22. Clay, J.M., & Parker, M.O. (2020). Alcohol use and misuse during the COVID-19 pandemic: A potential public health crisis? Lancet Public Health, 5(5), 259. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30088-8
  23. Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Racine, N., & Madigan, S. (2020). Prevalence of posttraumatic and general psychological stress during COVID-19: A rapid review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 292.
  24. Danese, A., & Smith, P. (2020). Debate: Recognising and responding to the mental health needs of young people in the era of COVID-19. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 25(3), 169-170.
  25. Davies, S. & Batha, E. (2020). Europe braces for domestic abuse ‘perfect storm’ amid coronavirus lockdown. Thomas Reuters Foundation News. https://news.trust.org/item/20200326160316-7l0uf.
  26. Di Pentima, L., Toni, A., Roazzi, A., & Attili, G. (2018). Attaccamento, aspettative circa le reazioni dei genitori e strategie di coping in situazioni problematiche: Uno studio sui minori maltrattati. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 22(2), 299-323. DOI: 10.1449/90832
  27. Dodaj, A., & Sesar, K. (2020). Consequences of child abuse and neglect. Central European Journal of Paediatrics, 16(2), 168-181.
  28. Duggan, A., Fuddy, L., Burrell, L., Higman, S. M., McFarlane, E., Windham, A., & Sia, C. (2004). Randomized trial of a statewide home visiting program to prevent child abuse: Impact in reducing parental risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 28, 623-643.
  29. DuMont, K. A., Widom, C. S., & Czaja, S. J. (2007). Predictors of resilience in abused and neglected children grown-up: The role of individual and neighborhood characteristics. Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal, 31, 255-274.
  30. Eckenrode, J., Ganzel, B., Henderson, C. R., Jr., Smith, E., Olds, D. L., Powers, J., Cole, R., Kitzman, H., & Sidora, K. (2000). Preventing child abuse and neglect with a program of nurse home visitation: The limiting effects of domestic violence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 1385-1391.
  31. Ehrensaft, M.K., Knous-Westfall, H., & Cohen, P. (2017). Long-term influence of intimate partner violence and parenting practices on offspring trauma symptoms. Psychology of Violence, 7(2), 296-305.
  32. Fontanesi, L., Marchetti, D., Mazza, C., Di Giandomenico, S., Roma, P., & Verrocchio, M.C. (2020). The Effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on parents: A call to adopt urgent measures. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 79-81.
  33. Gilbertson Wilke, N., Hiles Howard, A., & Pop, D. (2020). Data-informed recommendations for services providers working with vulnerable children and families during the COVID-19. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110(2).
  34. Girdhar, R., Srivastava, V., & Sethi, S. (2020). Managing mental health issues among elderly during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Geriatric Care and Research, 7(1), 29-32.
  35. Goodman, L.A., & Epstein, D. (2020). Loneliness and the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for intimate partner violence survivors. Journal of Family Violence, 1-8.
  36. Gourkhede, D. P., Ravichandran, K., Kandhan, S., Ram, V. P., Dhayananth, B., Megha, G. K., & Kumar, M. S. (2020). COVID-19: Mental health issues and impact on different professions. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(7), 2994-3013.
  37. Government of Italy. (2020). Decree of the president of the council of ministers 11 March 2020. March 11. Retrieved from https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2020/03/ 11/20A01605/sg.
  38. Griffith, A.K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence, 1-7.
  39. Gruhn, M.A., & Compas, B.E. (2020). Effects of maltreatment on coping and emotion regulation in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 103, 1-12.
  40. Guenfound, I. (2020). French women use code words at pharmacies to escape domestic violence during coronavirus lockdown. ABC News. -- https://abcnews.go.com/International/french-women-code-words-pharmacies-escape-domesticviolence/story?id=69954238.
  41. Lutzker, J. R., & Bigelow, K. M. (2002). Reducing child maltreatment: A guidebook for parent services. New York, NY: Guilford.
  42. Hao, F., Tan, W., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Zou, Y., Hu, Y., Luo, X., Jiang, X., McIntyre, R. S., Tran, B., Sun, J., Zhang, Z., Ho, R., Ho, C., & Tam, W. (2020). Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 100-106.
  43. Henry, D.L. (2001). Resilient children: What they tell us about coping with maltreatment. Social Work in Health Care, 34(3-4), 283-298.
  44. Hiraoka, D., & Tomoda, A. (2020). Relationship between parenting stress and school closures due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74, 497-498.
  45. Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., … Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547-560. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
  46. Humphreys, K. L., Myint, M. T., & Zeanah, C. H. (2020). Increased risk for family violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(1), 1-5.
  47. Ingram, K.M., Espelage, D.L., Davis, J.P., & Merrin, G.J. (2020). Family violence, sibling, and peer aggression during adolescence: Associations with behavioral health outcomes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1-14.
  48. Jarnecke, A.M., & Flanagan, J.C. (2020). Staying safe during COVID-19: How a pandemic can escalate risk for intimate partner violence and what can be done to provide individuals with resources and support. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 202-204.
  49. Jentsch, B., & Schnock, B. (2020). Child welfare in the midst of the coronavirus pandemic-Emerging evidence from Germany. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110(1), 1-10.
  50. Jiang H. J., Nan, J., Lv, Z. Y., & Yang, J. (2020). Psychological impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on Chinese people: Exposure, post-traumatic stress symptom, and emotion regulation. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 13(6), 252-259. DOI: 10.4103/1995-7645.281614
  51. Kaukinen, C. (2020). When stay-at-home orders leave victims unsafe at home: Exploring the risk and consequences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 668-679.
  52. Kelly, J., & Morgan, T. (2020). Coronavirus: Domestic abuse calls up 25% since lockdown, charity says. BBC News. -- https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52157620.
  53. Kofman, Y.B., & Garfin, D.R. (2020). Home is not always a haven: The domestic violence crisis amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12, 199-201.
  54. Lahav, Y. (2020). Psychological distress related to COVID-19: The contribution of continuous traumatic stress. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 129-137.
  55. Lawson, M., Piel, M.H., & Simon, M. (2020). Child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consequences of parental job loss on psychological and physical abuse towards children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110(2).
  56. Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
  57. Lazzerini, M., & Putoto, G. (2020). COVID-19 in Italy: Momentous decisions and many uncertainties. The Lancet Global Health, 8, e641-e642. DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30110-8
  58. Lunn, P. D., Belton, C. A., Lavin, C., McGowan, F. P., Timmons, S., & Robertson, D. A. (2020). Using Behavioral Science to help fight the Coronavirus. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3(1).
  59. Maples, L. A., Park, S. S., Nolen, J. P., & Rosen, L. A. (2014). Resilience to childhood abuse and neglect in college students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 23, 1001-1019. DOI: 10.1080/10926771.2014.964435
  60. Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 3165.
  61. Mazza, M., Marano, G., Lai, C., Janiri, L., & Sani, G. (2020). Danger in danger: Interpersonal violence during COVID-19 quarantine. Psychiatry Research, 289.
  62. Mengin, A., Allé, M.C., Rolling, J., Ligier, F., Schroder, C., Lalanne, L., Berna, F., Jardri, R., Vaiva, G., Geoffroy, P. A., Brunault, P., Thibaut, F., Chevenace, A., & Giersch, A. (2020). Psychopathological consequences of confinement. Encephale, 46, S43–S52.
  63. Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J. J., & Roskam, I. (2019). Parental burnout: What is it, and why does it matter? Clinical Psychological Science, 7(6), 1319-1329. DOI: 10.1177/2167702619858430
  64. Mikolajczak, M., Gross, J.J., Stinglhamber, F., Lindahl Norberg, A., & Roskam, I. (2020). Is parental burnout distinct from job burnout and depressive symptoms? Clinical Psychological Science, 8(4) 673-689. DOI: 10.1177/2167702620917447
  65. Minihan, E., Gavin, B., Kelly, B.D., & McNicholas, F. (2020). COVID-19, Mental Health and Psychological First Aid. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 1-5.
  66. Moreno, C., Wykes, T., Galderisi, S., Nordentoft, M., Crossley, N., & Jones, N. (2020). How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(9), 813-824. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30307-2
  67. Mueller, I., & Tronick, E. (2019). Early life exposure to violence: Developmental consequences on brain and behavior. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 1-7.
  68. Mutavati, A., Zaman, M., & Olajide, D. (2020). Fighting the shadow pandemic of violence against women and children during COVID-19. -- https://unsdg.un.org/blog/fighting-shadow-pandemic-violence-against-women-and-children-during-covid19.
  69. OECD (2020a). COVID-19: Protecting people and societies. Tackling the coronavirus (COVID-19): Contributing to a Global Effort, OECD Publishing, -- https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=126_126985-nv145m3l96&title=COVID-19-Protecting-people-and-societies.
  70. OECD (2020b). COVID-19: Combating COVID-19’s effect on children. Tackling the coronavirus (COVID-19): Contributing to a Global Effort. oecd.org/coronavirus.
  71. Olds, D. L. (2006). The nurse-family partnership: An evidence-based preventive intervention. Infant Mental Health Journal, 27, 5-25.
  72. Oshri, A., Duprey, E.B., Kogan, S.M., Carlson, M.W., & Liu, S. (2018). Growth patterns of future orientation among maltreated youth: A prospective examination of the emergence of resilience. Developmental Psychology, 54(8), 1456-1471.
  73. Pakenham, K.I., Landi, G., Boccolini, G., Furlani, A., Grandi, S., & Tossani, E. (2020). The moderating roles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility on the mental health impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in Italy. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 17, 109-118.
  74. Passmann Carr, C., Severi Martins, C.M., Stingel, A.M., Braga Lemgruber, V., & Juruena, M.F. (2013). The role of early life stress in adult psychiatric disorders: A systematic review according to childhood trauma subtypes. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(12), 1007-1020. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000049
  75. Peterman, A., Potts, A., O’Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., Oertelt-Prigione, S., & van Gelder, N. (2020). Pandemics and violence against women and children. Center for Global Development Working Paper 528. Washington, DC: Centre for Global Development. - https//www.cgdev.org/publication/pandemics-and-violence-against-women-and-children.
  76. Posik, C., Schueths, A.A., Christian, C., Grubb, J.A., & Christian, S.E. (2020). Child Victim Services in the Time of COVID-19: New Challenges and Innovative Solutions. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 680-689.
  77. Prime, H., Browne, D. T., & Wade, M. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 75(5), 631-643.
  78. Racine, N., Cooke, J. E., Eirich, R., Korczak, D. J., McArthur, B., & Madigan, S. (2020). Child and adolescent mental illness during COVID-19: A rapid review. Psychiatry Research, 292.
  79. Ragavan, M., Garcia, R., Berger, R.P., & Miller, E. (2020). Supporting intimate partner violence survivors and their children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics, 146(3).
  80. Ragavan, M.I., Alison J. Culyba, A.J., Muhammad, F.L., & Miller. E. (2020). Supporting adolescents and young adults exposed to or experiencing violence during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67, 18-20.
  81. Rasmussen, S. A., & Thompson, L. A. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 and children what pediatric health care clinicians need to know. JAMA Pediatrics 222, 415-426.
  82. Razai, M., Oakeshott, P., Kankam, H., Galea, S., & Stokes-Lampard, H. (2020). Mitigating the psychological effects of social isolation during the covid-19 pandemic. British Medial Journal, 369.
  83. Roazzi, A., Attili, G., Di Pentima, L., & Toni, A. (2016). Locus of control in maltreated children: The impact of attachment and cumulative trauma. Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica, 1, 1-29.
  84. Röhr, S., Müller, F., Jung, F., Apfelbacher, C., Seidler, A., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2020). Psychosocial impact of quarantine measures during serious coronavirus outbreaks: A rapid review. Psychiatrische Praxis, 47(4), 179-189.
  85.  Roje Đapić, M., Buljan Flander, G., & Prijatelj, K. (2020). Children behind closed doors due to COVID-19 isolation: Abuse, neglect and domestic violence. Archives of Psychiatry Research, 56, 181-192.
  86. Rossi, R., Socci, V., Talevi, D., Mensi, S., Niolu, C., Pacitti, F., Di Marco, A., Rossi, A., Siracusa, A., & Di Lorenzo, G. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures impact on mental health among the general population in Italy. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11.
  87. Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28,
  88. Sattler, K. M., & Font, S. A. (2018). Resilience in young children involved with child protective services. Child Abuse and Neglect, 75, 104-114.
  89. Sediri, S., Zgueb, Y., Ouanes, S., Ouali, U., Bourgou, S., Jomli, R., & Nacef, F. (2020). Women’s mental health: Acute impact of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 23(6), 749-756.
  90. Sesar, K., Simic, N., & Barisic, M. (2010). Multi-type childhood abuse, strategies of coping, and psychological adaptations in young adults. Croatian Medical Journal, 51(5), 406-416.
  91. Sharma, A., & Bikash Borah, S. (2020). Covid-19 and domestic violence: An indirect path to social and economic crisis. Journal of Family Violence, 1-7.
  92. Shigemura, J., Ursano, R.J., Morganstein, J.C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D.M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74, 277-283.
  93. Shuja, K.H., Aqeel, M., Jaffar, A., & Ahmed, A. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic and impending global mental health implications. Psychiatria Danubina, 32(1), 32-35.
  94. Sim, K., Chua, H.C., Vieta, E., & Fernandez, G. (2020). The anatomy of panic buying related to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 288, 113015.
  95. Smith, M., & Walden, T.A. (2001). Understanding feelings and coping with emotional situations: A comparison of maltreated and nonmaltreated preschoolers. Review of Social Development, 8(1), 93-116., DOI: 10.1111/1467-9507.00082
  96. Sümen, A., & Adibelli, D. (2020). The effect of coronavirus (COVID‐19) outbreak on the mental well‐being and mental health of individuals. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(3), 1041-1051.
  97. Teicher, M.H., & Samson, J.A. (2016). Annual Research Review: Enduring neurobiological effects of childhood abuse and neglect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(3), 241-266.
  98. The Academy of Medical Science (2020). Survey results: Understanding people’s concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. -- https ://acmed sci.ac.uk/file-download/99436 893.
  99. Tian, F., Li, H., Tian, S., Yang, J., Shao, J., & Tian, C. (2020). Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112992.
  100. Tso, W.W.Y., Wong, R.S., Tung, K.T.S., Rao, N., Fu, K.W., Yam, J.C.S., … Ip, P. (2020). Vulnerability and resilience in children during the COVID19 pandemic. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.
  101. UNICEF (2020). Geneva Palais briefing note on the impact of COVID-19 on children. https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/geneva-palais-briefing-note-impact-covid-19- children.
  102. University of Michigan (2020). COVID-19 Causing Increased Conflict Between Parents and Children-- . https://ssw.umich.edu/news/ articles/2020/03/31/61308-covid-19-causing-increased-conflict-between-parents-and-children.
  103. UNPFA (2020), Interim Technical Note Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Planning and Ending Gender-based Violence, Female Genital Mutilation and Child Marriage, UNPFA, -- https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/resource-pdf/COVID-19_impact_brief_for_UNFPA_24_April_2020_1.pdf (accessed on 30 April 2020).
  104. Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N., & Jackson, D. (2020). Family violence and COVID-19: Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29, 549-552.
  105. van Gelder, N., Peterman, A., Potts, A., O'Donnell, M., Thompson, K., Shah, N., & Oertelt-Prigione, S. (2020). COVID-19: Reducing the risk of infection might increase the risk of intimate partner violence. EClinicalMedicine, 21.
  106. Vindegaard, N., & Benros, M. E. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 531-542.
  107. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., & Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729.
  108. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R.S., Choo, F.N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V.K., & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, Immunity, 87, 40-48.
  109. Wang, G., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Zhang, J., & Jiang, F. (2020). Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. The Lancet, 395(10228), 945-947. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X
  110. Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Qin, Q. (2020). Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) implicate special control measures. Journal of Medical Virology, 1-9.
  111. World Health Organization (2020) Joint Leaders’ statement – Violence against children: A hidden crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic. -- https ://www.who.int/news-room/detai l/08-04-2020-joint-leaders-statement---violence-against-children-a-hidden-crisis-of-the-covid -19-pandemic.
  112. Xiang, Y.T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C.H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 228-229. DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
  113. Yahya, A.S., Khawaja, S., & Chukwuma, J. (2020). Association of COVID-19 with intimate partner violence. Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 22(3).
  114. Yao, H., Chen, J.H., & Xu, Y.F. (2020). Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. Lancet Psychiatry ,7(4). DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30090-0
  115. Yoon, S., Dillard, R., Beaujolais, B., & Howell, K. (2020). A phenomenological qualitative approach to examining developmental differences in resilience among maltreated children. Psychology of Violence, 11(3), 221-233.
  116. Yule, K., Houston, J., & Grych, J. (2019). Resilience in children exposed to violence: A meta-analysis of protective factors across ecological contexts. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 22, 406-431.
  117. Zeanah, C.H., & Humphreys, K.L. (2018). Child Abuse and Neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 57(9), 637-644.
  118. Zhang, H. (2020). The influence of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on family violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 1-11.
  119. Zussman, R. (2020). Reports of child abuse down amid COVID-19, as B.C. advocates remind public of duty to report. Global News, 11 May 2020. -- https://globalnews.ca/news/6929622/child-abuse-reporting-coronavirus.

Lorenza Di Pentima, Alessandro Toni, Il paradosso del lockdown da COVID-19: cosa accade alle donne e ai minori nei contesti maltrattanti in "MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL’INFANZIA" 3/2021, pp 11-35, DOI: 10.3280/MAL2021-003002