Healthcare utilization and trauma-informed care: A discussion paper

Titolo Rivista MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL’INFANZIA
Autori/Curatori Vittoria Ardino
Anno di pubblicazione 2017 Fascicolo 2017/2
Lingua Inglese Numero pagine 23 P. 31-53 Dimensione file 289 KB
DOI 10.3280/MAL2017-002003
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più clicca qui

Qui sotto puoi vedere in anteprima la prima pagina di questo articolo.

Se questo articolo ti interessa, lo puoi acquistare (e scaricare in formato pdf) seguendo le facili indicazioni per acquistare il download credit. Acquista Download Credits per scaricare questo Articolo in formato PDF

Anteprima articolo

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA)associazione indipendente e non profit per facilitare (attraverso i servizi tecnologici implementati da CrossRef.org) l’accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche

The last decade has seen a powerful shift in the collective attention to psychological trauma, with a convergence of voices from research, practice, and policy highlighting its prevalence and poor health outcomes consequences. The discussion paper explores healthcare utilization of traumatized populations and proposes trauma-informed policies that may provide more patient-centric care, as well as improving the accountability and responsiveness of the healthcare system. The emergence of Trauma Informed Care in service contexts has endeavoured to incorporate an understanding of trauma into their organisational structures, treatment services and day-to-day practices to decrease healthcare utilization and costs. This paper speculates that the future Holy Grail of trauma field is to find traction on strategies aimed at bending the healthcare utilization and cost curve of trauma-related healthcare policies.

Keywords:Healthcare utilisation, trauma-informed, policy, services.

  1. Allen, D., Gillen, E., & Rixson, L. (2009). Systematic review of the effectiveness of integrated care pathways: what works, for whom, in which circumstances? International Journal of Evidence-based Healthcare, 7, 61-74,
  2. American Psychiatric Association (2013). DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
  3. Anda, R. F., Butchart, A., Felitti, V. J., & Brown, D. W. (2010). Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health: Implications of adverse childhood experiences. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 39, 1, 93-98.
  4. Ardino, V. (2014). Trauma-informed care: Is cultural competence a viable solution for efficient policy strategies. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 11, 1, 45-51.
  5. Ashcraft, L., & Anthony, W. (2008). Eliminating seclusion and restraint in recovery-oriented crisis services. Psychiatric Services, 59, 10, 1198-1202,
  6. Atwoli, L., Stein, D. J., Koenen., K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2015). Epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder: Prevalence, correlates, and consequences. Current Opinions in Psychiatry, 28, 4, 307-311, DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000167
  7. Azeem, M. W., Aujla, A., Rammerth, M., Binsfeld, G., & Jones, R. B. (2011). Effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma informed care in reducing seclusions and restraints at a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24, 1, 11-15,
  8. CISMAI/Terre des Hommes (2014). Spesa pubblica: impatto della mancata prevenzione della violenza sui bambini. Prospettiva Persona, 87, 50-70.
  9. Benzer, J. K., Beehler, S., Miller, C., Burgess, J. F., Sullivan, J. L., Mohr, D. C., Meterko, M., & Cramer, I. E. (2012). Grounded theory of barriers and facilitators to mandated implementation of mental health care in the primary care setting. Depression Research and Treatment, DOI: 10.1155/2012/597157
  10. Bloom, S. (2006). Human service systems and organizational stress: Thinking and feeling our way out of existing organizational dilemmas. Report for the Trauma Task Force, Philadelphia, PA. --(Disponibile online: www.sanctuaryweb.com/Portals/0/Bloom%20Pubs/2006%20Bloom%20Human%20Service%20Systems%20and%20Organizational%20Stress.pdf).
  11. Bloom, S. L., & Sreedhar, S. Y. (2008). The sanctuary model of trauma-informed organizational change. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 17, 3, 48.
  12. Bloom, S. L., & Farragher, B. (2010). Destroying sanctuary: The crisis in human service delivery systems. Oxford University Press.
  13. Bloom, S. L., & Farragher, B. (2010). I gotta get out of this place: Workplace stress as a threat to public health. In S. L. Bloom & B. Farragher (Eds.), Destroying sanctuary: The crisis in human service delivery systems (pp. 61- 90). Oxford University Press.
  14. Boscarino, J. A. (2004). Posttraumatic stress disorder and physical illness: Results from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1032, 141-153,
  15. Boyko, E. J., Jacobson, I. G., Smith, B., Ryan, M. A. K., Hooper, T. I., Amoroso, P. J., Gackstetter, G. D., Barrett-Connor, E., & Smith, C. for the Millenium Cohort Study Team. (2010). Risk of diabetes in US military service members in relation to combat deployment and mental health. Diabetes Care, 33, 8, 1771-1777,
  16. Borckardt, J. J., Madan, A., Grubaugh, A. L., Danielson, C. K., Pelic, C. G., Hardesty, S. J., Hanson, R., Herbert, J., Cooney, H., Benson, A., & Frueh, B. C. (2011). Systematic investigation of initiatives to reduce seclusion and restraint in a state psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services, 62, 5, 477-483.
  17. Borge, L., & Fagermoen, M. S. (2008). Patients’ core experiences of hospital treatment: Wholeness and self-worth in time and space. Journal of Mental Health, 17, 2, 193-205, DOI: 10.1080/09638230701505996
  18. Bramsen, I., & van der Ploeg, H. M. (1999). Use of medical and mental health care by World War II survivors in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 2, 243-261, DOI: 10.1023/A:1024720324688
  19. Breslau N. (2009). The epidemiology of trauma, PTSD, and other post-trauma disorders. Trauma Violence Abuse, 10, 3, 198-210, DOI: 10.1177/1524838009334448
  20. Burrell, S. (2013). Trauma and the environment of care in juvenile institutions. Los Angeles/Durham: National Center for Child Traumatic Stress.
  21. Calhoun, P. S., Bosworth, H. B., Grambow, S. C., Dudley, T. K., & Beckham, J. C. (2002). Medical service utilization by veterans seeking help for posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 12, 2081-2086,
  22. Champagne, T., & Stromberg, N. (2004). Sensory approaches in inpatient psychiatric settings: Innovative alternatives to seclusion & restraint. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 42, 9, 34-44, DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20040301-01
  23. Chandler, G. (2008) From traditional inpatient to trauma-informed treatment: Transferring control from staff to patient. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 14, 5, 363-371, DOI: 10.1177/1078390308326625
  24. Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 2, 217-225,
  25. Clark, C., Young, M. S., Jackson, E., Graeber, C., Mazelis, R., Kammerer, N., & Huntington, N. (2008). Consumer perceptions of integrated trauma-informed services among women with co-occurring disorders. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 35, 1, 71-90,
  26. Clark, D. M. (2011). Implementing NICE guidelines for the psychological treatment of depression and anxiety disorders: The IAPT experience. International Review of Psychiatry, 23, 375-384, DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2011.606803
  27. Coelho, R., Viola, T. W., Walss-Bass, C., Brietzke, E., & Grassi-Oliveira R. (2014). Child-hood maltreatment and inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 129, 3, 180-192,
  28. Cohen, B. E., Gima, K., Bertenthal, D., Kim, S., Marmar, C. R., & Seal, K. H. (2010). Mental health diagnoses and utilization of VA non-mental health medical services among returning Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25, 1, 18-24,
  29. Coles, J., Astbury, J., Dartnall, E., & Limjerwala, S. (2014). A qualitative exploration of researcher trauma and researchers’ responses to investigating sexual violence. Violence Against Women, 20, 1, 95-117.
  30. Corry, N. H., Klick, B., & Fauerbach, J. A. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder and pain impact functioning and disability after major burn injury. Journal, of Burn Care and Re-search, 31, 13-25.
  31. Damschroder, L., Aron, D., Keith, R., Kirsh, S., Alexander, J., & Lowery, J. (2009). Fostering implementation of health services research findings into practice: A consolidated framework for advancing implementation science. Implementation Science, 4, 50, DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-4-50
  32. Davydow, D. S., Zatzick, D., Hough, C. L., & Katon, W. J. (2013). A longitudinal investigation of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms over the course of the year following medical-surgical intensive care unit admission. General Hospital Psychiatry, 35, 3, 226-232,
  33. De Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E., Heijnen, C. J., Geuze, E., Lentjes, E. G. W. M., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2007). Enhanced cortisol suppression in response to dexamethasone administration in traumatized veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 215-226,
  34. De Luc, K. (2000), Care pathways: An evaluation of their effectiveness. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 485-496.
  35. Department of Health (2011). Commissioning Services for Women and Children who are Victims of Violence or Abuse – A Guide for Health Commissioners. London: Department of Health.
  36. Dirkzwager, A. J., Van der Velden, P. G., Grievink, L., & Yzermans, C. J. (2007). Disaster-related posttraumatic stress disorder and physical health. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 5, 435-440,
  37. Dolezal, T., McCollum, D., & Callahan, M., (2009). The hidden costs of health care: the impact of violence and abuse. Eden Prairie, MN: Academy on Violence and Abuse.
  38. Domino, M., Morrissey, J. P., Nadlicki-Patterson, T., & Chung, S. (2005). Service costs for women with co-occurring disorders and trauma. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28, 2, 135-143,
  39. Dong, M., Giles, W. H., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williams, J. E., & Chapman, D. P. (2004). Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Circulation, 110, 1761-1766, DOI: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F
  40. Dube, S. R., Fairweather, D., Pearson, W. S., Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., & Croft, J. B. (2009). Cumulative childhood stress and autoimmune diseases in adults. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 2, 243-250,
  41. Durai, U. N. B., Chopra, M. P., Coakley, E., Llorent, M. D., Kirchner, J. E., Cook, J. M., & Levkoff, S. E. (2011). Exposure to trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in older veterans attending primary care: Comorbid conditions and self-rated health status. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 59, 6, 1087-1092,
  42. Edmondson, D., Horowitz, C. R., Goldfinger, J. Z., Fei, K., & Kronish, I. M. (2013). Concerns about medications mediate the association of posttraumatic stress disorder with adherence to medication in stroke survivors. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 4, 799-813,
  43. Eftekhari, A., Ruzek, J. I., Crowley, J. J., Rosen, C. S., Greenbaum, M. A., & Karlin, B. E. (2013). Effectiveness of national implementation of prolonged exposure therapy in Veterans Affairs care. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 9, 949-955,
  44. Elliott, D.E., Bjelajac, P., Fallot, R. D., Markoff, L. S., & Reed, B. G. (2005). Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: Principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 4, 461-477,
  45. Ford, J. D., Schnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Green, B. L., Adams, G., & Jex, S. (2004). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, physical health, and health care utilization 50 years after repeated exposure to a toxic gas. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 3, 185-194, DOI: 10.1023/B:JOTS.0000029261.23634.87
  46. Gatz, M., Brown, V., Hennigan, K., Rechberger, E., O’Keefe, M., Rose, T., & Bjelajac, P. (2007). Effectiveness of an integrated, trauma‐informed approach to treating women with co-occurring disorders and histories of trauma: The Los Angeles site experience. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 7, 863-878,
  47. Gill, J. M., Saligan, L., Lee, H., Rotolo, S., & Szanton, S. (2013). Women in recovery from PTSD have similar inflammation and quality of life as nontraumatized controls. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 74, 4, 301-306,
  48. Gillock, K. L., Zayfert, C., & Hegel, M. T., (2005). Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care: Prevalence and relationships with physical symptoms and medical utilization. General Hospital Psychiatry, 27, 392-399,
  49. Glaesmer, H., Braehler, E., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Freynberger, H. J., & Kuwert, P. (2011) The association of traumatic experiences and posttraumatic stress disorder with health care utilization in the elderly – a German population based study. General Hospital Psychiatry, 33, 2, 177-184,
  50. Glaesmer, H., Gunzelmann, T., Braehler, E., Forstmeier, S., & Maercker, A. (2010). Traumatic experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder among elderly Germans: Results of a representative population-based survey. International Psychogeriatrics, 22, 4, 661-670, DOI: 10.1017/S104161021000027X
  51. Groves, P., Kayyali, B., Knott, D., & Kuiken, S. V. (2016). The “big data” revolution in healthcare: Accelerating value and innovation. --(Disponibile online: http://hdl.handle.net/11146/465).
  52. Harris, M. E., & Fallot, R. D. (2001a). Using trauma theory to design service systems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
  53. Harris, M. E., & Fallot, R. D. (2001b). Envisioning a trauma-informed service system: A vital paradigm shift. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 89, 3-22,
  54. Harris, R., & Fallot, M. (2009). Creating Cultures of Trauma-informed Care (CCTIC): A Self-Assessment and Planning Protocol. Washington, DC: Community Connections.
  55. Hendrickson, C. M., Neylan, T. C., Na, B., Regan, M., Zhang, Q., & Cohen, B. E. (2013). Lifetime trauma exposure and prospective cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: findings from the Heart and Soul Study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 75, 9, 849-55,
  56. Hepworth, I., & McGowan, L. (2013). Do mental health professionals enquire about child-hood sexual abuse during routine mental health assessment in acute mental health settings? A substantive literature review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 20, 6, 473-483,
  57. Hopper, E. K., Bassuk, E. L., & Olivet, J. (2010). Shelter from the storm: Trauma-informed care in homelessness services settings. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 3, 2, 80-100,
  58. Hummer, V. L., Dollard, N., Robst, J., & Armstrong, M. I. (2010). Innovations in implementation of trauma-informed care practices in youth residential treatment: A curriculum for organizational change. Child Welfare, 89, 2, 79-95.
  59. Joubert, D., Webster, L., & Hackett, R. K. (2012). Unresolved attachment status and trauma-related symptomatology in maltreated adolescents: An examination of cognitive mediators. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 43, 3, 471-483,
  60. Kartha, A., Brower, V., Saitz, R., Samet, J. H., Keane, T. M., & Liebschutz, J. (2008). The impact of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder on healthcare utilization among primary care patients. Medical Care, 46, 4, 388-393,
  61. Keane, T. M., Marshall, A. D., & Taft, C. T. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Etiology, epidemiology, and treatment outcome. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 2, 161-197,
  62. Kessler, R. C. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder: The burden to the individual and to so-ciety. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 61, 5, 4-12.
  63. Keyes, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Demmer, R. T., Cerdá, M., Koenen, K. C., Uddin M, & Galea, S. (2013). Potentially traumatic events and the risk of six physical health conditions in a population based sample. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 451-460,
  64. Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 537-547,
  65. Klain, E. J., & White, A. R. (2013) Implementing Trauma-Informed Practices in Child Welfare. --(Disponibile online: http://childwelfaresparc.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Implementing-Trauma-Informed-Practices.pdf).
  66. Knight, C. (2015). Trauma-informed social work practice: Practice considerations and challenges. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43, 25-37,
  67. Ko, S. J., Ford, J. D., Kassam-Adams, N., Berkowitz, S. J., Wilson, C., Wong, M., Brymer, M. J., & Layne, C. M. (2008). Creating trauma-informed systems: Child welfare, education, first responders, health care, juvenile justice. Psychology Research and Practice, 39, 4, 396-404, DOI: 10.1037/0735-7028.39.4.396
  68. Kotter, J. P., & Cohen, D. S. (2003). Creative ways to empower action to change the organization: Cases in point. Journal of Organizational Excellence, 22, 2, 101,
  69. Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Monahan, P. O., & Lowe, B. (2007). Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Annals of Internal Medicine, 146, 5, 317-325, DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004
  70. Kronish, I. M., Edmondson, D., Li, Y., & Cohen, B. E. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder and medication adherence: Results from the Mind Your Heart Study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 1595-1599,
  71. Kusmaul, N., & Waldrop, D. P. (2015). Certified nursing assistants as frontline caregivers in nursing homes: Does trauma influence caregiving abilities? Traumatology, 21, 3, 251-258,
  72. McKenzie, K., & Bhui, K. (2007). Institutional racism in mental health care. British Medical Journal, 334, 649-650,
  73. Magruder, K. M., Frueh, B. C., Knapp, R. J., Hamber, M. B., Martin, R. H., Gold, P. B., & Arana, G. W. (2005). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in Veterans Affairs primary care clinics. General Hospital Psychiatry, 27, 3, 169-179,
  74. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Zhou, E. S. (2007). If it goes up, must it come down? Chronic stress and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis in humans. Psycholological Bulletin, 133, 1, 25-45.
  75. Morgan, C. A., Southwick, S., Hazlett, G., Rasmusson, A., Hoyt, G., Zimolo, Z., & Charney, D. (2004). Relationships among plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cortisol levels, symptoms of dissociation, and objective performance in humans exposed to acute stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 8, 819-825.
  76. Muskett, C. (2014). Trauma-informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23, 1, 51-59,
  77. NCTIC - National Centre for Trauma-Informed Care (2011). Trauma Informed Care and Trauma Services. --(Disponibile online: http://www.samhsa.gov/nctic/trauma.asp).
  78. NASMHPD (2012). Outlines Steps Toward integration of Care. Psychiatric Services, 63, 6, 619-620,
  79. Pacella, M. L., Hruska, B., & Delahanty, D. L. (2012). The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 1, 33-46,
  80. Parker, A. M., Sricharoenchai, T., Raparla, S., Schneck, K. W., Bienvenu, O., & Needham, D. M. (2015). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in critical illness survivors: A meta-analysis. Critical Care Medicine, 43, 5, 1121-1129, DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000882
  81. Polusny, M. A., Ries, B. J., Schultz, J. R., Calhoun, P., Clernensen, L., & Johnsen, I. R. (2008). PTSD symptom clusters associated with physical health and health care utilization in rural primary care patients exposed to natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 1, 75-82,
  82. Porcerelli, J. H., Cogan, R., Markova, T., Murdoch, W., & Porcerelli, M. A. (2010). Abuse, outpatient charges and utilization, and psychiatric symptoms among urban women on Medicaid. Journal of the Americal Board of Family Medicine, 23, 3, 363-370,
  83. Proctor, E., Landsverk, J., Aarons, G., Chambers, D., Glisson, C., & Mittman, B. (2009), Implementation research in mental health services: An emerging science with conceptual, methodological, and training challenges. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 36, 1, 24-34,
  84. Quiros, L., & Berger, R. (2015). Responding to the sociopolitical complexity of trauma: An integration of theory and practice. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 20, 2, 149-159, DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2013.836353
  85. Raja, S., Hoersch, M., Rajagopalan, C. F., & Chang, P. (2014). Treating patients with traumatic life experiences: Providing trauma-informed care. Journal of American Dental Association, 145, 3, 238-245,
  86. Roberts, A. L., Gilman, S. E., Breslau, J., Breslau, N., & Koenen, K.C. (2011). Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1, 71-83, DOI: 10.1017/S0033291710000401
  87. Rona, R. J., Hyams, K. C., & Wessely, S. (2005). Screening for psychological illness in military personnel. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 10, 1257-1260,
  88. Rosenberg, H. J., Rosenberg, S. D., Williamson, P. D., & Wolford, G. L. (2000). A comparative study of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence in epilepsy patients and psychogenic nonepileptic seizure patients. Epilepsia, 41, 4, 447-452.
  89. Rosental, S., Mortensen, E. L., Steen Andersen, H., & Heir, T. (2014). Use of healthcare services before and after a natural disaster among survivors with and without PTSD. Psychiatric Services, 65, 1, 91-97,
  90. Rotter, T., Kinsman, L., James, E. L., Machotta, A., Gothe, H., Willis, J., Snow, P., & Kugler, J. (2010). Clinical pathways: Effects on professional practice, patient outcomes, length of stay and hospital costs. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, Art. No. CD006632,
  91. SAMHSA - Abuse, S. Mental Health Services Administration (2011). Results from the 2010 national survey on drug use and health: summary of national findings (NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No.(SMA) 11-4658). Rockville: Office of Applied Studies.
  92. SAMHSA (2014). SAMHSA’s Working Concept of Trauma and Framework for a Trauma-Informed Approach. Rockville: National Centre for Trauma-Informed Care (NCTIC), SAMHSA.
  93. Santiago, P. N., Ursano, R. J., Gray, C. L., Pynoos, R. S., Spiegel,D., Lewis-Fernandez, R., Friedman, M. J., & Fullerton, C. S. (2013). A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: Intentional and nonintentional traumatic events. PLoS One, 8, 4, e59236,
  94. Scott, K. M., Koenen, K. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Benjet, C., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Iwata, N., Levinson, D., Lim, C. C. W., Murphy, S., Ormel, J., Posada-Villa, J., & Kessler, R. C. (2013). Associations between lifetime traumatic events and subsequent chronic physical conditions: A cross-national, cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 8, 11,
  95. Scottish Government (2012). Scotland’s mental health strategy 2012-2015. Edinburgh: Scottish Government. --(Disponibile online: www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/0039/00398762.pdf).
  96. Sledjeski, E. M., Speisman, B., & Dierker, L. C. (2008). Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31, 4, 341-349,
  97. Smith, M. W., Schnurr, P. P., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2005). Employment outcomes and PTSD symptom severity. Mental Health Services Research, 7, 2, 89-101,
  98. Spitzer, C., Barnow, S., Volzke, H., John, U., Freyberger, H. J., & Grabe, H. J.(2009). Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and physical illness: Findings from the general population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 9, 1012-1017,
  99. Stein, M. B., McQuaid, J. R., Pedrelli, P., Lenox, R., & McCahill, M. E. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the primary care medical setting. General Hospital Psychiatry, 22, 4, 261-269, DOI: 10.1016/S0163-8343(00)00080-3
  100. Stein, M. B., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Craske, M. G., Bystritsky, A., Sullivan, G., Pyne, J., Katon, W., & Sherbourne, C. (2005). Functional impact and health utility of anxiety disorders in primary care outpatients. Medical Care, 43, 12, 1164-1170.
  101. Sweeney, A., Clement, S., Filson, B., Kennedy, A. (2016). Trauma-informed mental healthcare in the UK: What is it and how can we further its development? Mental Health Review Journal, 21, 3, 174-192, DOI: 10.1108/MHRJ-01-2015-0006
  102. Switzer, G. E., Dew, M. A., Thompson, K., Goycoolea, J. M., Derricott, T., & Mullins , S. D. (1999). Posttraumatic stress disorder and service utilization among urban mental health center clients. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 1, 25-39, DOI: 10.1023/A:1024738114428
  103. Tansella, M. & Thornicroft, G. (2009) Implementation science: Understanding the translation of evidence into practice. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 4, 283-285,
  104. Thoits, P. A. (2010). Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, S41-S53, DOI: 10.1177/0022146510383499
  105. Toner, J., Daiches, A., & Larkin, W. (2013). Asking about trauma: The experiences of psychological therapists in early intervention services. Psychosis, 5, 2, 175-186, DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2012.697484
  106. Tuerk., P., Wangelin, B., Rauch, S. A. M., Dismuke, C., Yoder, M., Myrik, H., Efterkhari, A., & Acierno, R. (2013). Health service utilization before and after evidence-based treatment for PTSD. Psychological Services, 10, 4, 401-409,
  107. Vanhaecht, K., Panella, M., Van Zelm, R. T., & Sermeus,W. (2010). An overview on the concept and history of care pathways as complex interventions. International Journal of Care Coordination, 14, 3, 117-123,
  108. Wake, S., Kitchiner, D. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorder after intensive care. British Medical Journal, 346, f3232,
  109. Walker, E. A., Katon, W., Russo, J., Ciechanowski, P., Newman, E., & Wagner, A. W., (2003). Health care costs associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 4, 369-374,
  110. Walsh, J. & Boyle, J. (2009). Improving acute psychiatric hospital services according to inpatient experiences. A userled piece of research as a means to empowerment. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 30, 1, 31-38, DOI: 10.1080/01612840802500733
  111. Wang, P. S., Demler, O., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2006). Changing profiles of service sectors used for mental health care in the United States. Americal Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 7, 1187-1198.
  112. Wegman, H. L., & Stetler, C. (2009). A meta-analytic review of the effects of childhood abuse on medical outcomes in adulthood. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 8, 805-812,
  113. Yaffe, K., Vittinghoff, E., Lindquist, K., Barnes, D., Covinsky, K. E., Nevlan, T., Kluse, M., & Marmar, C. (2010). Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among US veterans. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 6, 608-613,
  114. Zatzick, D. (2003). Posttraumatic stress, functional impairment, and service utilization after injury: A public health approach Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 8, 3, 149-157, DOI: 10.1016/S1084-3612(03)00017-0
  115. Zen, A. L., Whooley, M. A., Zhao, S., & Cohen, B. E. (2012). Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with poor health behaviors: Findings from the heart and soul study. Health Psychology, 31, 2, 194-201,

  • L'assessment psicodiagnostico di bambini vittime di Adverse Childood Experience (ACE): discussione di un caso clinico Daniela D’Elia, Annamaria Scapicchio, Marta Sisto, in MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA 3/2019 pp.75
    DOI: 10.3280/MAL2019-003006
  • Trauma-informed responses in addressing public mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: position paper of the European Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ESTSS) Jana Darejan Javakhishvili, Vittoria Ardino, Maria Bragesjö, Evaldas Kazlauskas, Miranda Olff, Ingo Schäfer, in European Journal of Psychotraumatology 1780782/2020
    DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2020.1780782
  • Quali insegnamenti possono apprendere i Servizi di protezione e cura dell'infanzia maltrattata dalle Neuroscienze? Mariagnese Cheli, Laura Massi, in MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL'INFANZIA 1/2024 pp.127
    DOI: 10.3280/MAL2024-001007

Vittoria Ardino, Healthcare utilization and trauma-informed care: A discussion paper in "MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL’INFANZIA" 2/2017, pp 31-53, DOI: 10.3280/MAL2017-002003